SOGDIAN LANGUAGE
ii. Loanwords in Persian
Loanwords from Sogdian into Persian were adopted through the cultural relations and commercial interactions which existed between Iran proper and Transoxiana, the birth place of Sogdian language. The Sogdians, the speakers of this Iranian language, played such a prominent role in the overland trade between China, India and the West, during a great part of the first millennium CE (see SOGDIAN TRADE), that their language was called a “lingua franca,” and they settled along one of the longest trade road of Central Asia, called later, not unsuitably, the “Silk Road” (see SOGDIANA iii. HISTORY AND ARCHEOLOGY). The economic and cultural prosperity of Sogdians just before the dawn of Islamic era is noteworthy, and the two Sogdian cities Samarqand and Buḵā played a vital part in the promotion of Persian literature during the rule of the Samanid dynasty (819-1005 CE). Samarqand and Buḵā, the homeland of the Sogdian language, became the birthplace of a Persian literary Renaissance and fostered many genre of prose and poetry.
Sogdian and Persian both belong to the great family of Iranian languages; Sogdian is an Eastern Middle Iranian, and Persian a Western New Iranian, language. Their difference is both geographical and chronological. Seventy-two years ago W. B. Henning wrote an article on “Sogdian Loanwords in New Persian.” He stated: “I think, it is proper to regard Eastern Iranian words in Persian as “loanwords”, in the same way as, say Arabic and Aramaic words; for no Eastern Iranian language is amongst the constituent dialects of modern Persian, which can perhaps best be defined as the descendant of the current language of culture and commerce which developed in Persia during the Sasanian era” (Henning, 1939, p. 93).
CONSONANT SOUND CHANGES
For the purpose of identifying loanwords, the sound change in the consonant system have to be considered. Sogdian kept the Old Iranian voiceless plosives p, t, k, and affricate č, in all position; Persian changed these to voiced plosives b, d, g, and z in postvocalic position, but kept them otherwise. Sogdian changed Old Iranian voiced plosives b, d, g, and affricate j, to fricatives , ḏ, ḡ, and ž in all positions, except after a nasalized vowel; Persian kept the Old Iranian voiced plosives b, d, g, except in postvocalic position. Sogdian has a range of voiced fricatives ḇ, ḏ, ḡ, z, ž, and voiceless fricatives, f, ṯ, s, š, ḵ; Persian has the voiced fricatives v, ḡ, z, ž, and voiceless f, s, š, ḵ, plus a palatal l and an aspirate h. Missing in Sogdian are the phonemes l and h and in Persian β, ḏ and ṯ. Following the general sound change of East Iranian, Sogdian has a set of consonant cluster as -ḡd- and -βd- (in Sogdian script -ḡt- and -βt-); Persian as a Western Iranian language has -ḵt- and -ft-.
In the lists that follows, most examples are first mentioned in Henning, 1939. Persian words are from Moḥammad Moʿin’s edition of Borhān-e qāṭeʿ (BQ) and Asadi’s Loḡat-e fors (LF). Sogdian words are from B. Gharib, Sogdian Dictionary (SD). Other source abbreviations are M (Manichaean Sogdian), B (Buddhist Sogdian), C (Christian Sogdian), and S (secular Sogdian texts).
Rule 1. Persian words containing consonant cluster -ḡd- (sometimes with variant -ḵt-) and -bd- or -fd- can be Sogdian loanwords, if they exist in Sogdian vocabulary. These are pronounced in Sogdian as ḡd and βd, respectively. The words: ḡd “greedy” (BQ, p. 32) = M ʾʾḡtʾ “greed” (SD, no. 246); ḡd “prepared” (BQ, p. 129) = B ʾʾʾḡt (SD, 253); ḡd “burned” (BQ, p. 41, LF, 208) = B ʾʾḡt (SD, 274); 貹ḡd “ready” (BQ, p. 279; LF, 258) = B ٲʾḡt “arranged” (SD, 7870); 貹ḡd岹 “to arrange” (LF, 208) = M ٲḡt “to arrange, built” (SD, 7870); alڲḡda, alfaxta “collected, saved” (LF, 208) = M ḏ&ٲ;ḡ&Dz;č “saving” (SD, 3487); ٲḡd “pressure” (BQ, p. 485) = M ٰḡt “depressed” (SD, 9654); ifda “frivolous” (BQ, p. 197)= B ʾʾⲹ&ٲ;ʾ “perverted” (SD, 346).
Rule 2. Persian words with variant spelling of p and b can be borrowings from Sogdian if they exist in Sogdian vocabulary. These words are rendered in Sogdian with the phoneme /p/. For references see the list below. The words: / = Sogd. /貹/ ʾ “garland of flower” (SD, 7435); /屹岹 = /貹/ ʾ “to touch” (SD, 7438) (see also the list below); p/banānč = /貹č / pnʾnč “co-wife” (SD, 6876) (see also the list below); p/batškam = /patškamb/ ptšknp “porch” (SD, 7925) (see also the list below); p/basaḡda = /patsaḡtk/ ٲʾḡt “ready, prepared” (SD, 7870) (see also Rule 1); p/balandin = /paḏind /ḏyԻ “door frame” (SD, 6838) (see also Rule 4); p/batfuz = /patβūz/ ptβwz “muzzle, beak” (SD, 7609) (see also Rule 3); / = /ḏe/ in (ḏwk) ʾḏy “(wooden) shoes” (SD, 3425) (see also Rule 4); / “pole to support fruit trees” = M ʾ “seat, bench” (SD, 7238) (see also the list below).
Rule 3. Persian words containing an f that can be traced to Old Iranian b, written β in Sogdian script (Buddhist, Manichean, Christian, and all secular texts) and b in Syriac (mainly Christian texts), are suggested to be Sogdian loans. This Persian f also stands for β, which is written in some old manuscripts with 3 dots (see Henning, 1939, p. 97). The words: ڲḡ “idol” (BQ, p. 1492; LF, 137) = Sogd. B, M &ٲ;ḡ, C ḡ “god, sir, lord” (SD, 2543); 峾 (only in compounds) (BQ, p. 1437) = B, M &ٲ;ʾ() “color” (SD, 2452-53); fadrang (BQ, p. 1442) = B βtrnng “oppression” (SD, 2862) (see Rule 5); ڱž, ڱž()첹/ (BQ, p. 1485-86) = B, M (ʾ)&ٲ;, &ٲ;()ž, C ž, B &ٲ;ž “bad, dirty” (SD, 2981); ڲḵ (BQ, p. 1452) = B &ٲ;ḡʾr, M ڰḡʾr “Buddhist temple” (SD, 2741); ڲḡestān “idol place” (BQ, p. 1437) = B, M &ٲ;ḡystʾn “God’s place” (SD, 2567, 2609-10); fuš (Pahl. buš) (BQ, p. 1490) = B βnš “mane” (SD, 2650); ڲḡān, afḡān (Moʿin, p. 318) = B (ʾ)&ٲ;ḡʾn “shouting” (SD, 2549); patfuz (BQ, p. 234) = B ptβwz “beak, muzzle” (SD, 7609) (see also Rule 2); ڱž (BQ, p. 1487) = B βyzm “distress” (SD, 3066); ڱ/ž (BQ, p. 1483) = B &ٲ;ʾ “medical plant” (SD, 2724); firdu “gain” (Tafazzoli, pp. 1-2) = B, M &ٲ;ʾ, C byrty “obtained” (SD, 3031); farviš (BQ, p. 1479)= B &ٲ;ʾ&Dz;č(), ʾɲ&Dz;, M, C ڰʾɲč “to forget” (SD, 2714); ڲḵt (see Rules 1, 4). Exceptions are: ferenj (LF, 53)= B, M ʾ “cavity of the mouth” (SD, 7018); fetal-idan, fetardan (BQ, p. 1438; LF, 171) “cut off” = B (ʾ)ʾ- “pull out” (SD, 1356, 7809); ڲḵoԻ岹 (BQ, p. 454) = B ḡwԳٰ, M. ڰḵwԻ “fortunate” (SD, 7199, 3919); ڲḵāk (BQ, p. 1454) = M ڰḵʾk “a dish with chopping meat and eggs” (SD, 3949).
Rule 4. Persian words containing an /l/ can be considered as Sogdian loans, if this l represents Sogdian /δ/ (written δ in Buddhist, Manichean and secular texts; d or ṯ in Christian texts). Henning postulated that in most Sogdian dialects, Old Iranian d (δ) and θ had merged into one sound which was very near to l in West Iranian, while it was pronounced more like d in some East dialects; the distinction between δ and θ was preserved in Christian Sogdian and in Yaghnobi (Henning, 1939, p. 97). Some of these examples such as alfanj- might be from Bactrian, which shares this sound change. Later references are Moʿin, pp. 762, 942; Dehḵodā, pp. 5944 f.; Sims-Williams, 1990; idem, 2004, p. 190. The words: (LF, 78) “wall” = B, M ḏʾt() (SD, 3440); p/balandin (LF, 195; Henning, 1939, 95) “door frame” = M ḏyԻ (SD, 6838); “shoes” (LF, 159; Henning, 1939, 99, BQ, p. 359) = B (ḏʾrɰ) ʾḏy “wooden shoes”; (BQ, p. 359) “fruit garden” = M ḏy “orchard” (SD, 7103); pil⁓pel (LF, 173; Henning, 1939, 78) “heel” = C pdn(y) “heel, kick” (SD, 6820); 辱⁓貹ḡāl “cup, goblet” (Moʿin; Dehḵoda)= S, M ḡʾḏ (SD, 7660), C ḡ (Pahlavi 貹ⲵ) (Sims-Williams, 1990) (SD, 7660); mul/mol “wine” (LF, 179; Henning, 1939, 98) = M ḏ, B ḏw, C mdw (SD, 5511, 5295); linj- “to pull out” (LF, 54; Henning, 1939, 104) = B ḏyԳ, C *ṯy- (SD, 3769); bae⁓ (BQ, p. 195) “frivolous” = B, M (ʾ)ḏʾt “perverted, illicit” (SD, 6770); alڲḡde, ڲḵt “saving” (LF, 208) = M *ḏ&ٲ;ḡt-, S. ḏ&ٲ;ḡštc “saved” (SD, 3487); ڲḵt “to save” (LF, 208) = M ḏ&ٲ;ʾ (SD, 3483) (see also Rules 1, 3); alfanj- “to save” = M ḏ&ٲ;Բ, C ṯb- (SD, 3489, 9555); sapal (BQ, p. 1090) = B ʾ(ʾ) “hooves” (SD, 1646), cf. Yaghnobi sapal; sabal (BQ, p. 1082) = B ʾʾḏt “related to pupil” (SD, 1601); ḡu (kind of vessel; measure) (BQ, p. 1429) = B ḡwḏʾk “vessel”, C ḡw “measure” (SD, 4362). Exception: ⾱岹&Բ;= Sogd. ʾ- and ī&Բ;= ʾ (see also the list below).
Rule 5. Persian isolated words with parallel cognates in Sogdian, can be Sogdian loans if they are not attested in Middle Persian or Parthian. Persian ḡāz “beginning” can be a Sogdian loan, comparing with Sogdian (present/past stems) (ʾ)ʾḡʾz-/ʾʾḡ&Dz;- (SD, 86, 98) “to begin,” the imperfect ʾḡʾz, the compounded ڰḡʾz-, and its imperfect ڰʾḡʾz (SD, 3887, 3869). Sogdian ʾʾḡʾz is also used as noun (SD, 87,689). Sogdian cognates indicate that the Persian isolated ḡāz, its denominative verb ḡāzidan, the obsolete past tense ḡā&Dz;ٲ (鲹羱, p. 14), are borrowed. The Sogdian cognates explains not only the correct past tense but also the structure of Persian ḡāz-, in which - is a prefix, like fra- and ham- in Sogdian. The Choresmian ʾʾḡʾz (Benzing, p. 37), imperfect ʾḡʾz should be considered as cognate with its equivalent in Sogdian, which remains the lending language to Persian ḡāz.
This rule can be extended to some other isolated and obsolete Persian words: Persian fadrang (BQ, p. 1442) “a mallet for beating clothes, a wooden beam used to door-bar” (Henning, 1939, 101); the Sogdian provenance will be undisputable if we compare fadrand to Sogdian βtrnng (SD, 2862) “oppression, subjugation,” related to (ʾ)&ٲ;ٰč-/(ʾ)&ٲ;ٰḡt “to subjugate” and the noun &ٲ;ٰḡtʾ (SD, 2859-61) “submissiveness,” all derived from the root *ṛn and the prefix abi-. Confirmation comes from other cognates: ptrnk “depression” (SD, 7818), with the prefix pati-; ʾԳٰʾḡs-/*ʾԳٰḡt- “to be pressed” (SD, 1140), the imperfect Գٰʾḡs, with the prefix ham-/han-. The last examples lead to other Persian loanwords ḏaԲ (LF, 163) meaning “depression, stress” from*ʾʾٰʾ (Hen, LW 101), and ٲḡd (BQ, p. 485) “pressure, compulsion,” borrowed from Sogdian ٰḡt “depressed,” ٰḡtʾ) “depression, sorrow,” ٰḡt- “to be depressed” (SD, 9649-56).
FULL LIST OF SOGDIAN LOANWORDS IN PERSIAN
For Persian references, see Borhān-e qāṭeʿ (BQ); Asadi (LF); Henning, 1939; for Sogdian references, see Gharib, 2004 (SD); Rawāqi; for entries starting with f-, see Rule 3.
ḏaԲ “depression” (Rule 5); ḡd “greedy” (Rule 1); ḵs岹 “greedy” (鲹羱, p. 8) = M ʾʾḵs- “to be greedy” (SD, 247-48); ḡd “ready” (Rule 1); ḡd “burned” (Rule 1); “anxious, troubled” = C ʾ⳾ (SD, 1729); &Dz;ḵ-(岹) “(to) stumble” (BQ, pp. 140, 1282) = C &Dz;ḵ “stumbling block” (SD, 3998) (Rule 5); ḡ (LF, 104; BQ, p. 47) ḡ (BQ, p. 1022) “moisture” = S ḡ, C ḡ (SD, 2306, 11254); ḡāz “beginning” (Rule 5); &;&Dz;- “to begin” (Rule 5); () “pool, lake” (Henning, 1939; Rawāqi, p. 17)= B ʾ(ʾ)ʾ, M ʾʾɳ (SD, 308, 330); ḡaԻ “greedy, brave” (BQ, p. 106) = B ḡaԳ (SD, 1446); astars “plough share” (BQ, p. 26; Rawāqi, p. 23) = B ʾʾ (SD, 1686); ڲḵt/alڲḡdan “to save” (Rules 1, 4); andaḵsidan, andaḵswa, andaḵs (鲹羱, p. 32) “to take refuge, refugee, protect” = S ʾԳʾḵs- (SD, 1132);
bot “idol” (BQ, p. 233) = B pwt, M bwt “Buddha” (SD, 2929); ḡa ( BQ, p. 211) = B ʾḡr “windy room, summer room where wind blows” (SD, 9878); ḵi/ (BQ, p. 252) = S ḵy “wage, reward” (SD, 7143); bae, “frivolous” (Rule 4); 岹 (BQ, p. 319; Rawāqi, p. 80) = B ʾٰ “pasture, herd” (SD, 6541), cf. Yaghnobi ŧ; = M ḏy “orchard” (Rule 4); = ʾḏy “shoes” (Rule 4); 貹č (BQ, p. 304; LF, 54) “co-wife” (Rule 2); patfuz (LF, 114) = ptβwz “muzzle, beak” (Rules 2, 3); (Henning, 1948, 304; Rawāqi, p. 91) (Rule 2); 貹岹 (BQ, p. 387; Rawāqi, p. 92) = M, C pcmrws- “to touch” (SD, 6679); 貹 (BQ, p. 777) = (ʾ)ʾ “garland of flower” (Rule 2) (MP. pusag); 貹屹岹 (BQ, p. 404) = (ʾ)ʾ (SD, 7438) “to touch” (Rule 2); 貹ḡd (BQ, p. 406)= ٲʾḡt “ready” (Rules 1, 3); pašk/gam- (BQ, p. 410, 284) = ptšknp “porch” (Rule 2); p/balandin = ḏyԻ “door frame” (Rules 2, 3); 貹ḵaٲ (LF, 222; BQ, pp. 332, 436; Rawāqi, p. 100) = C ḵʾy (*ḵwٲ) “crashed” (Rule 2); 貹ḡāl/辱 = ḡāḏ “cup, goblet” (Rule 4); pil (LF, 173; BQ, p. 794) = ḏ “heel” (Rule 4);
taranj-(idan) (LF, 220) = ٰʾ “pressure” (SD, 9634); ٲḡd = ٰḡt “pressed” (Rule 1); tul= twrḏn “paralyzed” (SD, 9723) (Rule 4); tim, timča (BQ, p. 547) = C tym “inn, resting place” (originally Chinese) (SD, 9747); čaḵ, čaḵidan (BQ, p. 624-25) = C čḵ-, “fighting, to fight” (SD, 3310); čḡz-(/屹) (鲹羱, p. 133; BQ, p. 644-45) = B čḡz(ʾʾ) “frog, frog’s eggs” (SD, 3187) čḡu (BQ, p. 646) = B čḡw “owl” (SD, 3184); ḵ&Dz;徱岹 (BQ, p. 750) = B ʾḡ&Dz;ʾ- “to chew” (SD, 743); ḵāzԻ岹 (鲹羱, p. 151) = B ḡw- “to demand” (SD, 4508); ḵāsԻ岹 (鲹羱, 159) = B ḡw- “to perspire” (SD, 4503); dafsānidan, dusānidan, (BQ, p. 896-98) = B, M ḏʾwβs- “to stick” (SD, 6772) (Rule 3);
ڲ “sickness” (鲹羱, p. 70) = M ʾ-(ʾ) “sick” (SD, 8418); ḵa (BQ, p. 937) “pleasure” = B, M ʾʾḡ/ḵ “penetrating, profit” (SD, 1466); ŧž (BQ, p. 989) = M ž “desire, lust” (SD, 8626); ()ḡ (BQ, p. 33) = B ryk (OP arika) “wicked” (SD, 8628); ž (BQ, p. 946) = C ž(ٲʾ) “to desire” (SD, 8615);
č (BQ, p. 994) = B ʾٳ “birth woman” (SD, 11197); (BQ, p. 998) = B, M ʾ, C. ʾ “child,” M. ʾʾnc “little girl” (SD, 11135); dān (BQ, p. ibi) = M ʾḏḏn “womb” (SD, 11139); ḵ/žḵ (BQ, p. 1006) = B *žḡ (žḡʾy-) “hard voice” (SD, 11283-4); Ի- (BQ, p. 1037) = B *Գٷʾ&ٲ; (Գٷʾ) “nightingale” (SD, 11362); Գ-ḵv (BQ, p. 1037) = B zyny ḡwʾry “truce breaker” (SD, 11559); zivar (BQ, p. 1035) = B zywr “ornament” (SD, 11612); zuf (Reżāʾi, p. 62) = B zwb “jaws” (SD, 11461; Sims-Williams, 1976, pp. 60, 23); žeḡ (BQ, p. 1059) = M ḡʾr “shout,” S (ʾ)ḡʾy, M ḡy, “shout, call” (SD, 4574, 4580); žēnda (pil) (BQ, p. 1063) = B zyntʾk pyḏh “angry elephant” (SD, 11555-56);
ḡ (BQ, p. 1097) = B ʾʾḡ/ḵ “childless” (SD, 8982); پḡ/ḵ (LF, 138) = B ʾʾḡ/ḵx “erect, top” (SD, 1695); sabal = ʾʾḏt “pupil” (Rule 4); sapal = ʾ(ʾ) “hooves” (Rule 4); sek (BQ, p. 1150) = C ʾ “coal, ember” (SD, 8776); samuk (BQ, p. 1166) = C smwq “foolishness” (SD, 8832); č (LF, 138) = B ʾ “chief” (SD, 8940); sang-s (LF, 32) =C Աʾ “stoned” (SD, 8867); sima-s (BQ, p. 1212) = symy “anxious” (SD, 9124); sar- (BQ, p. 1119) = C ʾԲ “anxious” (SD, 1929); &Dz;ḵ/&Dz;ḡ (BQ, p. 1257) = B &Dz;ḡ/&Dz;ḵ “hard” (SD, 9202); šarang (BQ, p. 1262) = B &Dz;ʾ (< Skt. śṛn) “poison” (SD, 9319); šekardan (BQ, p. 1278) “to pierce”= B &Dz;ḏʾk “piercer” (SD, 9229); šand (BQ, p. 1300) “beak”= B šnth “trunk” (SD, 9310); &Dz;ōḵi岹 (LF, 69; BQ, p. 282) = M &Dz;ḵ “stumbling” (SD, 3998);
ḡa&Dz; (BQ, p. 1405, Rawāqi, 253) = B ḡrʾʾ&Dz; “angry” (SD, 4172); ḡa&Dz;岹 (BQ, p. 1405) = B ḡr&Dz; “to irritate” (SD, 4277); ḡa屹 “musical instrument” (BQ, p. 1421) = B ḡnʾ&ٲ;- (ḡnʾ&ٲ;Գ) “to lament” (SD, 4121); ḡaḏ (BQ, p. 1563) = B, M, C ʾḡḏʾ, ʾḡḏʾ() “paper,” S ʾḡḏʾ “of paper” (SD, 4632-35); (LF, 24) = C ʾԲʾ “stupidity” (SD, 4651); 첹峾 (BQ, p. 1594) = C ṯʾm “city wall” (SD, 4946); 첹屹岹 (BQ, p. 1404) = C qdwy “roof” (SD, 4725); karv(a) (BQ, p. 1631) = B ʾ (ḏnٰ) “hollow tooth” (SD, 4875); &Dz;屹 (BQ, p. 1648) = M kšʾrʾ “agriculture” (SD, 4907) (Gharib, 1994); kand (BQ, p. 1703) = B ḏ/ṯ “city (used also as suffix in city’s name)” (SD, 4761); (ܲ) (LF, 226) =B, M ʾ “hog” (SD, 4666); (BQ, p. 1562) = B kʾʾ “little house” (SD, 4682);
layidan (BQ, p. 1884) = B ʾ- “to cry, weep” (SD, 8445); lir (BQ, p. 1920) = M ʾ “saliva” (SD, 8653); “wall” (Rule 4); linj- “to pull” (Rule 4); mastka/(-e) (鲹羱, p. 329) = B ٰ(ʾ)ʾ “making drunk, intoxicate” (SD, 5491); ḡu (BQ, p. 1994) = C ḡw “twisted lock” (SD, 5443); marḡunda (鲹羱, p. 327) = M ḡwԻ “lump, clod” (SD, 5441); muri (LF, 179) = S ɰ(ʾ) “canal” (SD, 5552); ḡ (LF, 136) = C, S ḡ/ḡw (SD, 5512); mol (BQ, p. 2030) “wine” (Rule 4); ḡān (BQ, p. 2021) = C ḡʾnč (SD, 5513); ԲžԻ (BQ, p. 2135) “sorrowful” = C n(y)znt “humble” (SD, 6376); nāh (LF, 89; BQ, p. 2112) “dinner” = B ʾḡʾr “in fast” (SD, 5745); nus (LF, 127) = B nns “nose, nostril” (SD, 6017); noqra (BQ, p. 2157) = ʾʾ/ʾ “silver, not coined” (SD, 5755-73); &Dz;峾 (BQ, p. 2248) = C ʾ&Dz;ʾ “veil” (SD, 9865); ⲹḵn (BQ, p. 2427) = M yxnyy “leftover food” (SD, 11098); ڲ (BQ, p. 2419) “lost, nonsense” = B ʾ&ٲ; “roving” (SD, 10890).
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(B. Gharib)
Originally Published: June 7, 2013
Last Updated: June 7, 2013
Cite this entry:B. Gharib, “SOGDIAN LANGUAGE ii. Loanwords in Persian,” Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2016, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sodgian-language-i-loanwords (accessed on 20 September 2016).
