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  • M膧 WAR膧示 AL-NAHR

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    the classical designation for Transoxania or Transoxiana. It was defined by the early Arabic historians and geographers as the lands under Muslim control lying to the north of the middle and upper Oxus or 膧mu Dary膩.

  • MA士膧YEB AL-REJ膧L

    Afsaneh Najmabadi

    a treatise written in 1894 by Bibi 岣茨乶om Estar膩b膩di/Astar膩b膩di as a counterargument to the anonymous Ta示dib al-nesw膩n/Ta示dib al-nes膩示, a tract on how to discipline women, published in the mid-19th century.

  • MACHALSKI, FRANCISZEK

    Anna Krasnowolska

    (1904-1979), Polish Iranist. Some of his best papers are devoted to cultural and political life in Pahlavi Persia.

  • MACKENZIE, DAVID NEIL

    Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst

    Believing that the University of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies would be the institution most suited to his interests, Mackenzie enrolled there in September 1948. Because Pashto was not offered, he chose Persian, and completed the three-year B.A. course in 1951.

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  • 惭础顿膧示贰狈

    Michael Morony

    the Sasanian metropolitan area of several contiguous cities, on both sides of the Tigris and connected by floating bridges, about 35 km southeast of Abbasid Baghdad.

  • MAD膧R AL-AF膧呕EL

    Solomon Bayevsky

    dictionary of the Persian language compiled in 1001/1593 by the poet and historian All膩h-d膩d Fay偶墨 b. Asad al-士Olam膩示 士Ali-šir Serhendi.

  • M膧DAR-E SOLAYM膧N

    Cross-Reference

    "Solaym膩n's mother," local name of the tomb of Cyrus. See CYRUS v. The Tomb of Cyrus. 

  • M膧DAY膧N 莫 HAZ膧R D膧DEST膧N

    Maria Macuch

    (Book of a Thousand Judgements), Pahlavi Law-Book from the late Sasanian period (first half of the seventh century).

  • M膧DDA T膧RI岣

    Paul Losensky

    chronogram poem, a poetic genre characterized by the inclusion of the year in which an event occurred.

  • MADRASA

    Cross-Reference

    school for the study of the Islamic sciences and related subjects.  For the institution, see under entry EDUCATION: iv. The Medieval Madrasa, v. The Madrasa In Shi士Ite Persia; vi. The Madrasa In Sunni Kurdistan. Other entries contain passing references to madrasas in relation to specific mosques; see, e.g., GOWHAR-Š膧D MOSQUE, B莫B莫 KHANOM MOSQUE.   For the architecture of madrasas, see ISFAHAN x. Monuments x(4). Madrasa.