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Ā�鴡&���������Dz�;, Avestan ƎRƎXŠA, Middle Persian ĒRAŠ, a heroic archer in Iranian legend.

i. In older literature.

ii. In modern literature.

i. In Older Literature

The Avesta (Yašt 8.6) refers to what was apparently a familiar episode in the epic tradition: Ǝrəxša “of the swift arrow, having the swiftest arrow among the Aryans” shot an arrow from Mount Airyō.xšaoθa to Mount Xᵛanvant. The identity of these places is unknown. V. Minorsky tentatively identified the latter mountain with the Homāvan mentioned in &���������Dz�;���-���峾�� and Vīs o Rāmīn, apparently a peak in northeastern Khorasan (BSOAS 9, 1943, p. 760). Thus his shot was supposed to be eastward, perhaps to the Harī-rūd region. The Mid. Pers. text Māh ī Frawardīn Rōz ī Xurdād (sec. 22, Pahlavi Texts, p. 104) also alludes to this event; it was on the auspicious 6th of Frawardīn that “Manūčihr and Ēraš of the swift arrow (&���������Dz�;ŧ���岵-��ī��) took back the land from Afrāsyāb the Turanian.” By contrast, Dādistān ī Mēnōg ī Xrad 27.44 (ed. T. D. Anklesaria, Bombay, 1913) refers simply to Manūčehr as the one who retook the Iranian territory from Padišxwār-gar (Ṭabarestān) to Bun ī Gōzag. The latter region is probably to be located between Gōzgān and the Oxus (see J. Markwart, Wehrot und Arang, Leiden, 1938, p. 14; Ḥodūd al-ʿālam, tr. and comm. Minorsky, p. 331).

The legend of Ā����&���������Dz�; is given with full details only in sources of the Islamic period, though these vary somewhat among themselves; e.g., Ṯaʿālebī, although he does allude to the common tradition, places Ā����&���������Dz�; in the reign of Zav, son of Ṭahmāsp (Ḡo������, pp. 108, 133), and Bīrūnī (Āṯār al-bāqīa, p. 220) and Gardīzī (Zayn al-aḵbār, p.243), in contrast with the Mid. Pers. Māh ī Frawardīn text, give the date of the mighty bowshot as the 13th of the month Tīr, i.e., during the festival of Tīragān. Presumably this difference is due to the attraction exercised by the homonymy of “Tīr” (identified later with the god Tištār) or ��ī�� “arrow.”

The archer’s name appears as follows: Ēraš (Ṭabarī, I, p. 435.7, II, p. 997; Ebn al-Aṯīr, I, p. 166); Ā����&���������Dz�;šēbāṭīr, a later form of the name but including the epithet with it (Ṭabarī, I, p. 435.6, II, p. 992); Ā����&���������Dz�;-e Šewā��ī�� (�Ѵ�ǰ������, p. 90); Araš, for Ā����&���������Dz�; (Ṯaʿālebī, Ḡo������, p. 107; Bīrūnī, loc. cit.) and Ā����&���������Dz�; (Maqdesī, ������ʾ III, p. 146; Baḷʿamī, Tarǰama-ye Tārīḵ-e Ṭabarī, Tehran, 1337 Š., p. 36; �Ѵ�ǰ������, p. 43; &���������Dz�;���-���峾��, Moscow ed., VIII, p. 66.235, IX, p. 273.317; Gorgānī, Vīs o Rāmīn, Tehran, 1337 Š., line 330; Maṛʿašī, Tārīḵ-e Ṭabarestān, ed. B. Dorn, St. Petersburg, 1850, p. 18). His feat occurred in these circumstances: After Afrāsīāb had surrounded the Pišdadian king, Manūčehr, in Ṭabarestān, both agreed to make peace. Manūčehr requested that the Turanian return to him a piece of land the width of a bow-shot, and Afrāsīāb assented. An angel (in Bīrūnī it is “Esfandārmaḏ,” i.e., the Beneficent Immortal Spandārmad) instructed Manūčehr to prepare a special bow and arrow; wood, feather, and iron point were taken from a special forest, eagle, and mine (Ḡo������, p. 133). The skilled archer Ā����&���������Dz�; was commanded to shoot. According to Bīrūnī, Ā����&���������Dz�; displayed himself naked and said: “Behold! my body is free of any wound or sickness; but after this bowshot I will be destroyed.” At dawn he shot and was immediately torn to pieces. (Ṯaʿālebī agrees with this. A later tradition has him survive and become head of the archers; see Ṭabarī and Ṭabaqāt-e Nāṣerī, ed. Ḥabībī, Kabul, 1342 Š., I, p. 140.) God commanded the wind to bear the arrow as far as the remote regions of Khorasan, and in this way the boundary between the Iranian and Turanian kingdoms was established.

The place Ā����&���������Dz�; shot the arrow is variously idenlified: Ṭabarestān (Ṭabarī, Ṯaʿālebī, Maqdesī, Ebn al-Aṯīr, Maṛʿašī), a mountain of Rūyān (Bīrūnī; Gardīzī), the fortress of Āmol (�Ѵ�ǰ������), Mount Damāvand (Baḷʿamī), or Sārī (Vīs o Rāmīn). The place where it landed (or was borne by the wind or an angel) is also reported differently but with general geographical harmony: by the river of Balḵ (Ṭabarī , Ebn al-Aṯīr), Ṭoḵārestān (Maqdesī, Gardīzī), the banks of the Oxus (Baḷʿamī). Bīrūnī has it descend between “Farḡāna” and “Ṭabarestān;” these are probably to be understood as Farḵār and Ṭāleqān or Ṭoḵārestān (Minorsky, Ḥodūd al-ʿālam, p. 330). In Ṯaʿālebī’s account the arrow was borne to the district of Ḵolm (east of Balḵ); it landed at sunset at a place called “Kūzīn,” a name easily emended to *Gōzbon, the Bun ī Gōzag of the Mid. Pers. account (see also Ḥodūd al-ʿālam, ibid.). This name also accounts for Bīrūnī’s idea that the arrow struck a walnut tree (ǰ�Ƿɳ�). Other accounts deviate from the older tradition represented in these texts, probably under the influence of fluctuations in the understanding of where Iran’s eastern border actually lay. The �Ѵ�ǰ������ gives the landing place as ʿAqaba-ye Mozdūrān, which was between Nīšāpūr and Saraḵs (Ebn Ḵordāḏbeh, p. 202). Marv is named in Vīs o Rāmīn and in Maṛʿašī, Tārīḵ-e Ṭabarestān.

Bibliography:

See also Th. Nöldeke, “Der Beste der arischen Pfeilschützen im Awesta und im Tabarî,” ZDMG 35, 1881, pp. 445-47.

R. v. Stackelberg, “Iranica,” ZDMG 45, 1891, pp. 620-28.

On the suggested identification of Ā����&���������Dz�; with the bowman on the reverse of Arsacid coins see V. G. Lukonin, in Camb. Hist. Iran III, 1983, p. 686 with references.

(A. Tafażżolī)

ii. In Modern Literature

The story of Ā����&���������Dz�; does not appear in any detail in courtly epic and romance or in popular literature and, apart from occasional brief allusions, was essentially lost to the Persian  literary world until revived by Ehsan Yarshater in his Dāstānhā-ye Īrān-e Bāstān (Tehran, 1336 Š./1957-58). The theme of Ā����&���������Dz�; struck a chord among writers and poets  and it was quickly taken up, becoming the subject of several works in the ensuing years.  The first was a multi-form work by Arsalān Pūryā entitled Ā����&���������Dz�;-e ��ī��-andāz (Tehran,  1338 Š./1959-60; second printing, Tehran, 1357 Š./1978-79 has the title Ā����&���������Dz�; šīvā-��ī��),  which begins with a qaṣīda of seventy lines, followed by a one-act play and finally a  prose version of the story. Next came Sīāvoš Kasrāʾiʾs long poem in free verse called  Āsraš-e kamāngīr (Tehran, 1338 Š./ 1959-60; for details see KASRA’I, SIAVASH). It  was followed by the publication of “Ā����&���������Dz�; dar qalamrow-e tardīd,” a short story by Nāder  Ebrāhīmī (Tehran, 1342 Š./1963-64), a maṯnavī in the meter ramal by Mehrdād Avestā  with the title Ḥamāsa-ye Ā����&���������Dz�; (Mašhad, 1344 Š./1965-66), and finally Bahrām Beyżāī’s  Ā����&���������Dz�; in 1977. Neither a short story nor a play and in part a response to Kasrāi's Ā����&���������Dz�;-e kamāngīr, Beyżāī’s Ā����&���������Dz�; was staged a number of times around the world, most notably in  Annenberg Auditorium, Stanford University California in July 2013.

Four of these works present Ā����&���������Dz�; as the savior of Iran from the tyranny of Afrāsīāb. In the troubled times following the Moṣaddeq period, the story of Ā����&���������Dz�; appears to have symbolized for many Iranians their political hopes, while Ebrāhīmī’s story, where Ā����&���������Dz�; fails in his mission through a lack of will, expresses the frustration of these hopes. In 1340 Š./1961-62 a literary journal called Ā����&���������Dz�; was founded in Tehran, which ran for about eight years.

Bibliography:

W. Hanaway, “Popular Literature in Iran,” in P. Chelkowski, ed., Iran: Continuity and Variety, New York, 1971, pp. 70-73.

(W. L. Hanaway, Jr.)

(A. Tafażżolī, W. L. Hanaway, Jr.)

Originally Published: December 15, 1986

Last Updated: August 10, 2011

This article is available in print.
Vol. II, Fasc. 3, pp. 266-267